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TABI$ OF COWTOTS 

Pago 

X# Introductory Statement? The Problem In Goners 1 1 

XX* Purpose end Scope of the Present Study 5 

XXX* Methods of Investigation 7 

Sources of Data 7 

Method of Statistical Study 8 

Method of Analytical Study 9 

IV* Description of Age Groups Studied 11 

Changes with Age 11 

Group Tendencies in Physical and Mental 

Development 21 

V* Results of a Statistical Study of the Problems 

Intercorrelat. ions 24 

Age of Maturing and Ossification Ratio 25 

Age of Maturing and Height 27 

Age of Maturing and Weight 27 

Age of Maturing and Weight-Height Index 29 

Age of Maturing and X.Q* 29 

I*Q* and Ossification Ratio 30 

X* Q. and Height 33 

X.Q* and Weight 34 

Height and ossification Ratio 36 

Conclusions 37 

VI. Comparison with the Results of Other Investigations 39 

Woodrow and Lowell 39 

Baldwin 41 

Carter 43 

Prescott 44 

Conclusion® 45 

VII. Analytical Study of Cases Exceptional in Physical 

Development 46 

Cases Exceptional In Physiological Maturing 46 

Cases Exceptional in Anatomical Development 67 

VIII. Conclusions 71 

XX. Bibliography 74 

X. Appendix? Data for the Study 76 















I. INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT* THE PROBLEM IH ORKERAL 


recently much Interest has been manifested In the 
relation between physical end mental development* The 
problem is more than a theoretical one* In its practical 
application it is related to the everyday administrative 
Questions of classification and promotion of pupils in the 
schools* Those who hold that capacity to do advanced in¬ 
tellectual work can be determined to some extent by certain 
Indices of physical maturity, have proposed grouping wholly 

or partially on the basis of physiological or anatomical age. 
1 

Eotch tissy be selected as an exponent of the Idea that ana¬ 
tomical age should take entire precedence over chronological 

2 

age in the classification of school children* Woodrow 
represents those who, while making a more conservative claim, 
urge the theory that knowledge of anatomical age Is useful 
in the diagnosis of a child*s mental ability and In planning 
and regulating his education* 

The practical bearing of the problem of relationship 
between physical and mental growth stages is evident. The 
solution, however, seems to be complicated by two factors: 


1 * 


Botch,TV*, "Roentgen Kay Methods Applied to the Grading 
of Early Life. American Kducation Review, Vol* A (1910). 

2. Boodrow’, Herbert, Brightness and Dullness in Children (1919), 
Chapter VI* 





(1) uncertainty as to a reliable index of physiological 
or anatomical maturity, and (2) difficulty in determining 
the relationship between physical and mental growth, be¬ 
cause of the composite character of measurements of intelli¬ 
gence. These phases of the problem will be briefly considered 
in the order of moot ion. 

Studio# of physical growth in relation to mental 
development show lack of agreement in regard to the selection 
of criteria of physiological maturity* Bean 1 end Beik 2 have 
attached much importance to the eruption of the permanent 
teeth a® an index of growth* Other investigators, notably 
Woodrow and Lowell, 3 Baldwin, 4 Carter 5 and Prescott, 6 have 
accepted skeletal development as the best index of maturity 
and the ossification process in the wrist as the most reliable 


1« Bean, R» B*, n fhe 'Eruption of Teeth a Physiological 
Standard for Testing Development♦** Pedagogical Seminary. 
XXX (1914), pa* 596-614. 

Z» Beik, A • K*, Physiological Age and School Bnlriineci* 1 * 
Pedagogical ;>emirmry, XX (1913), op. £77-331. 

3* Woodrow, Herbert and Lowell, Francis, "Some rata on Ana¬ 
tomic Age and It© Relation to intelligence*" Pedagogical 
Seminary, XXIX, March 1921* 45 K 

4* Baldwin, Bird T. and Stecher, £»• I*, "Mental 0rowth Curves 
of normal and Superior Children.” (1922). 

5. Carter, T. M., **A tudy of Radiographs of the Bone© of the 
Wrist as a Mean® of Determininf Anatomical Age.” Univer¬ 
sity of Chicago, 1923* 

6* Prescott, D. A., "The Determination of Anatomical Age in 
School Children and Its Relation to Mental Development*" 
Harvard University, 1923. 





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measure of skeletal development ; but as yet there has been 

no standardization of method in the measurement of carpal 
1 2 

growth* Crampton and Godin are among those who have em¬ 
phasized the Importance of pubescence as a criterion of 
physiological and mental maturity* Height and weight are 
evidently unsatisfactory measures because of the difficulty 
in predicting ultimate size* These physical traits have, 
however, been considered in relation to mental age in the 
correlations made by foodrow and Baldwin* More extensive 
studies by the method of intercorrelation s^em to be needed 
to reveal the relationship® between the various indices of 
physical growth and to determine the validity of the common¬ 
ly accepted criteria of physiological and anatomical maturity. 
The second phase of the problem is probably even 
more involved* It is difficult to determine the relationship 
between physical and mental growth stage® because of the 
customary identification of sent a 1 maturity with superiority 
in intellectual capacity. A necessary distinction and method 
have been suggested by Dr* F* fU Freeman in these words; w fe 
have no means of distinguishing between the level of capacity 
which the Individual will ultimately reach and the rate of 


1* Crompton, C* .,*Physiological Age - A Fundamental Principle. 

The American Physical Education Review JXXX (19GS),Nos.3-6. 

2* Godin, Paul, *’Growth during School Age, (Translation) 

Bostons 192 0. 

3* Woodrow, Herbert and Lowell, Francis, op*clt* 

4* op* cit., p* 57* 




maturing of intellectual capacity* This is a problem 
on which light may possibly be thrown by repeating measure¬ 
ments of children up to maturity.® Probably only such re¬ 
peated measurements of physical and mental development can 

/ ■ 

give a final answer to the questions' of correspondence be¬ 
tween the two types of growth. 




* \\ . ' s " •••.. 





‘fi¬ 


ll. PURPOSE &m SCOPE OF TEE PIE'SEHT STUDY 

The present investigation was limited to a study 
of the physical and mental measurements of £39 girls in 
the University of Chicago High School* The purpose of 
the study was two-fold. in the first place, it seemed de¬ 
sirable to know whether for girls of secondary-school age 
any decided relationship exists between intellectual capacity 
and certain indices of physiological and anatomical develop¬ 
ment . Particular attention was paid to the relation between 
mental ability, as measured by intelligence tests, and two 
measures of physical growth which are generally considered 
Important - namely, the develops nt of the bones of the 
wrist and pubescence or major adolescent change* The second 
purpose of the investigation was to test by means of inter- 
correlations the validity of the most commonly used criteria 
of physiological maturity* Because of the general assumption 
that physiological maturation, as Indicated by pubescence, is 
©standard of primary importance, this index wee studied in 
relation to other physical measures available. Unfortunately, 
records of dentition had not been kept long enough to make 
them of use in a study of girls of high-school age* 

It is recognised that an investigation of this nature 
cannot go very far toward a solution of the problem of re¬ 
lationship between physical and mental development. As has 



-e< 


been stated, only repeated measurements of many individuals, 
from early childhood to maturity, can give final evidence as 
to the correspondence between the two types of growth# For 
practical purposes, however, a study of a group at a given 
time - a sort of cross-section of mental and physical life - 
should be of vslu< * Such a study should indicate the wisdom 
or fallacy of expecting superior Intellectual capacity of a 
pupil because of early pubescence or accelerated carpal de¬ 
velopment* It should have bee ring upon the problem of 
classification in school on the basis of physiological or 
anatomical age* 



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III. METHODS OF XHVBS*ZOIYZOi 

Sources of Data *- Data for the study were secured 
from the files of the University of Chicago Laboratory 
Schools. On the birthday of each pupil in these schools 
complete physical measurements are made and recorded* Health 
records, records of height, weight, and age of physiological 
maturation, are kept by the school physician* Radiographs 
of the carpal bones are also made as nearly as possible upon 
the child 1 ® birthday. For pupils whose birthdays occur dur¬ 
ing the summer vacation no radiographs are made,consequently 
such pupils were not included in the statistical study* The 
method of measuring the ossification process, as developed 
in the laboratory schools, is superior to the inspection 
methods previously used in that it provides a more exact, 
qualitative, measure of carpal development* another ad¬ 
vantage of the method is that it offers a ratio between the 
carpal quadrilateral and the total ossification which dis¬ 
counts the influence of the general sis© of the skeleton 
upon the size of the carpal bones* This ossification ratio 
makes possible more reliable comparisons between individuals 
who differ in the size of their hands, 1 


1. A description of the method is given by Thomas v. Garter 
in a doctor*® dissertation, *A Study of Radiographs of 
the Bones of the rist as a Means of Determining Ana¬ 

tomical ^ go. 11 University of Chicago, 1923, 




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The tests of Intelligence for pupil® in the Uni¬ 
versity of Chic©go High School are given each year under 
the direction of Mr# Resvi®, principal of the school. For 
the past two years a group intelligence test, the Otis 
Higher Examination, has been given to all pupils above the 
elementary grades# It was regretted that scores from in¬ 
dividual mental tests were not available for the investi¬ 
gation. 

For an analytical study of eases exceptional in 
anatomical or physiological development, reference was made 
not only to the records just described but to diagnostic 
cards, teachers 1 weekly reports of exceptional cases, 
teachers 1 semester reports which give a characterisation of 
each pupil and of the quality of his work, and teachers* 
work reports which describe individual® excaotionsl in 
school progress. 

Method of Statistleal Study #- It was decided to ap¬ 
proach the study of relationship between mental ability and 
physiological growth by the method of partial correlation, 
with chronological &g© as the constant factor# The 219 
Individuals for whom the desired physical and mental measure¬ 
ments could be secured were found to be distributed among 
five age group® as follows; 44 cases for age 13, 64 cases 



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for age 14, 29 cases for age 15, 45 eases for ego 10, and 
5*7 esses for age 17, Since ©11 physical measurements were 
made on, or within a few days of, each pupil’s birthday, the 
factor of chronological ©go was almost entirely eliminated. 
Such an advantage has rarely been possible in investigations 
of this nature because of the lack of cumulative records 
such as those found in the laboratory schools. 

The Otis I*Q. was accepted as the measure of mental 
ability. The substitution of I.Q. for mental age in these 
correlations is justified by the fact that chronological 
age is a constant factor* Since the intelligence quotient 
is found by dividing the mental age by the chronological age, 
when chronological age is held constant the i.Q. serves as 
well as mental age to indicate mental maturity* 

All correlations were made by the Hoisinger corre- 
lotion form for the product moment method. 

Method of Analytical Study The study was carried 
further to a consideration of individuals exceptional in 
age of physiological maturation or in ossification ratio* 

In order to establish a norm for the maturing of these girls, 
an examination was made of the health cards of on® thousand 
girls who have attended, the University of Chicago High -chobl 
within the past ten ye&rs. After rejecting records which 
seemed doubtful, distribution was made of the ages of mstuiv 
ing of 487 Chicago girls, with a resultant average (mean or 




median) of 13 years 6 months* An intensive study was 
then made of all records relating to individuals so far 
above or below the average as to s^em exceptional in age 
of pubescence. From each age group there were also selec¬ 
ted cases of strikingly high or low ossification ratio for 
purposes of comparative study. 



IV, DBSOHIFTICU OF AOS OR0DPS STUDIED 


Graphical representation of physical and mental 
fseasurements for the groups selected in the statistical 

study reveals the wide range In mental ability, height, 
weight, and ossification ratio for each group. Figures IX* 
VXI also show changes with age for each of the physical 
traits and indicate the point of approach to cessation of 
growth* Figure I gives clear evidence that the pupils 
studied ore unusually superior in mental ability. It would 
seem worth while to discover whether for each group as a 
whole there is corresponding superiority in physical devel¬ 
opment* In a brief description of the groups attention will 
he given, first, to changes in rat© of physical growth with 
advancement in ago, and, second, to a comparison of group 
tendencies with norms for height, weight, and mental devel¬ 
opment * 

Chang es with && ©«- In a study of relationship be¬ 
tween mental and physical growth it is evidently important 
to select subjects who have not yet approached the final 
stage of development* Figures V-VII show that physical 
growth from thirteen to seventeen years of age is negatively 
accelerated, with less increase between fourteen and fifteen 






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than during the preceding year, and with a decided slew* 
lng down after the age of fifteen* While it Is normal for 
some growth to take place for girls between sixteen and 
seventeen, this change is very slight* In ossification 
ratio the-average increase during this year, according to 
Carter*e findings, 1 is from 1.093 to 1.096* this very 
slight increment may fee contrasted with the advance from 
1.01 at age thirteen to 1.074 at fourteen. fh# norm of 
1*082 for age fifteen shows a decided slowing down in carpal 
development after the fourteenth year. Baldwin 1 ® norms from 
10,000 measurements of height and weight give no increase 
in height - for girls - between ages sixteen and seventeen 
and a gain of little more than a pound in weight. 2 For the 
girls in the present study there is a slight drop in height 
and In ossification ratio after age sixteen. Such an ir¬ 
regularity Is, of course, to fee expected In a study of small 
groups In which the standard deviation and probable error of 
the mean will fee comparatively large. 

Because of the fact that there is a decided slowing 
down of physical * and, possibly, of mental * growth after 
age fift'en, the earlier age groups are evidently nor© 1st- 

1. Carter, T. M., n A Study of the Radiographs of the Bones 
of the Wrist as a Means of Determining Anatomical Age.” 
p p* 83*87. 

2, Baldwin, Bird "The Physical Growth of Children from 
Birth to Maturity.** p. 411. 




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portont for a study of the problem of relationship betwean 
physical and mental development. Girls sixteen and seventeen 
years of age have practically reached the period of cessation 
of physical growth. According to the common belief, they 
have also come to the final stage of mental development.These 
who claim high correlation between physical and mental traits 
would probably not expect the relationship to be so pronounced 
at these later years. The earlier years are also more im¬ 
portant for a study of correlations between indices of physio¬ 
logical maturing. For these reasons special emphasis will 
be placed noon the findings for the younger age groups. 

Group Tendencies in Physical and C ental ^Development *- 
The pupils in the University of Chicago High School are more 
highly selected than pupils in the average public secondary 
school. Superiority in mental ability would naturally be 
expected of children in an exclusive private institution. 

The Otis X.Q’a♦ for the five groups studied indicate unusual¬ 
ly high intellectual capacity. The median 1. .. for the total 
number of girls is 115* For the respective groups, a® Figure 
2 shows, the median I.* . ranges from 112*0 for age seventeen 
to 117*8 for age sixteen* Of the total number of 217 girls, 
over 77 per cent have I.Q*s of 110 and above, which would 
rank them as superior in mental ability. This fact become® 
significant when it is recalled that only about 20 per cent 




• 22 - 

of people in general reach the 110 mark* Over 32 per cent 
of these pupils have X.Q. 1 * ranging f om 120 to 140, while 
normally only about 6 per cent would belong in this class* 
Are pupils gifted in mental ability superior also 
In physical development, considering © group as a unit and 
noting central tendencies? A number of studies, notably 
Terms n’s recent extension survey, have indicated that chil¬ 
dren superior in general intelligence are taller and heavier 
than children of average mental capacity. It was decided to 
compare the mean in weight and height for each of the groups 
studied with Baldwin*® norms for the corresponding age* 
Table I shows this comparison. 


TABLE I* CENTRAL TWENTIES IN HEIGHT Ail) * EIGHT FOR GIRLS 
FROM 15 TO 17 YM3 OF AGS 



Age 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 


Baldwin 1 ® 

norms 

60.1 

61.0 

68.7 

63.6 

63.6 

Average height 
in inches 

Present 

study 

60.66 

62.27 

63.88 

63.52 

63.23 

Average weight 
in pounds 

Baldwin’s 

norms 

96.2 

107.2 

116.5 

120.6 

181.8 


Present 

study 

100 

109.6 

lie .8 

118.1 

180.6 
















-23- 


Th« University of Chiango High School girls of 
agos thirteen, fourteen, and fifteen are found to be slight¬ 
ly above the norms both in height and in weight, but the 
girls of ages sixteen and seventeen do not quite meet the 
standard in either physioal trait. She deviation from the 
norm is in every ease slight, re-ching half an inch in 
height only et age fifteen and a maximum difference of 3.8 
pounds in weight at age thirteen, figures VI and VII pre¬ 
sent graphically these comparisons. Evidently for these 
girls of decided mental superiority there is no uniform or 
oronounoed superiority in physical growth. 


v. Elan mb of a sfAtxsvzoAL Bwm of ns problem 

In a study of the development of girl* of high- 
school age, internet naturally center© in the relation of 
pubescence, or major adolescent change, to physiologic®! 
and mental growth stages*. There has been much Interest in 
the problem of effect of age ©f maturing upon rate of growth* 
both physical and mental * and upon the ultimate stag® of 
development. This problem may first be attacked by the 
statistical method* 

Of the forty*four girls thirteen years of age for 
whom measurements were obtained, twenty-one had reached 
physiological maturation, while twenty-three were pre- 
pubescent. Because of the small number within each group 
the usual method of correlation was not used, but a camperi* 
son 'was made of the contra! tendencies of the two groups 
in height, weight, ossification ratio, and X*Q* in Table 
II the median in the sense of "the middlemost measure," Is 
used as the measure of central tendency* 


TABLE II* CEBTHAL f HEEWCIIS IN FR&XftAL AMD MFITAL BE?r.lO> 

mm mm 21 sup msxoiMxoALU same* a«d 23 

GIRLS IMMATURE AT AGE 13 



imian —. U 

ossifica¬ 
tion ratio 

life! an 

height 

Median 

weight 

TSSfe~ 

Mature 

1.03 

61,3 Inches 

100 pounds 

113 

Immature 

1*00 

69.1 8 

90.4 8 

114 

















-26- 


The girls who had reached maturation are found to 
be more advanced than the other® in height, weight, and 
carpal development. The difference of .03 in ossification 
r&tio is equivalent to the normal growth of six months at 
this period. In height there is a difference of 2,2 inches, 
and in weight a difference of 11*6 pounds. In mental abil¬ 
ity, however, there is no superiority for the physiological¬ 
ly accelerated group, if the intelligence test be accepted 
as the measure of intellectual capacity* The difference in 
I.Q. is one point in favor of the pre-pubeaeents. From 
these data there is no evidence of the sudden mental spurt 
which is popularly believed to accompany adolescence. To be 
sure, the groups compared are too small to justify definite 
conclusions. One may turn now to the results of correlations 
to see whether the findings for these forty-four girls are 
substantiated by the study of other groups. 

of Maturing and Ossification Ratio .- Since the 
development of the bones of the wrists can foe easily anti 
objectively determined, correlation of this index of anatomi¬ 
cal growth with pubescence would offer a valuable method of 
predicting the age of maturing, i^recoclty in maturing might 
be expected to show positive correlation with ossification 
ratio from the fact that the rapid period of carpal growth 




* 6 - 


is earlier for girls than for boys and corresponds to the 
general acceleration of physical growth which precedes 
adolescence* Table III shows the results of correlating 
precocity of maturing with ossification ratio for four 
groups of girls* 


TABLE III* COHR*LATICt?S OF PRECOCITY OF MATURING AND OSEI- 
FMAtZOS RATIO(1) 


Chronological 

Number of 


?. E* of r 

age 

cases 

r 


14 

47 

4.562 

.067 

15 

27 

4.467 

.10 

16 

44 

4.095 

.10 

17 

53 

4.24 

• 11 


The correlation of 4.562 for the forty-seven girls 
of age fourteen Is pronounced, being more than eight times 
the amount of the probable error of correlation. At age 
fifteen the correlation of 4.467, while not so decided, is 
more than four times the probable error and hence would seem 
significant. The lower correlations for the later years are 


(1) Bote - For girls of each of these chronological age groups 
wide range was found in ossification ratio and in age of 
maturing* Correlations were made between these physical 
traits, with chronological age constant. 


























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to be expected* In no case i® correlation negative. 

Age of Maturing and Height Because of the Im¬ 
possibility of predicting with certainty the ultimate 
height of any Individual, this criterion of development 
Is evidently unsatisfactory* Since, however, height is 
frequently accepted as a standard, correlations were made 
between precocity of maturing ©nd height for the groups 
just considered* 


table iv* coummaom of nusoocrn'or mmtim &m mmm 


Chronological 

«E2_1 

iuiber 

of 

cases 

r 

F.E. of r 

14 

46 

4.128 

*097 

15 

27 

4.147 

*126 

16 

44 

-.172 

*098 

17 

33 

-.071 

*116 


The correlations for ages fourteen and fifteen ere 
positive but low. For ages sixteen and seventeen corre¬ 
lation Is negative but too low to be significant. It is 
sometimes stated that early maturity tends to greater ulti¬ 
mate height* The data for ages sixteen and seventeen do not 
support this conclusion. 

Age of Maturing and Weight .- The twenty-one girls 
of age thirteen who had reached physiological maturation were 


















-28- 

found to bo, on th© overago, heavier than tho twenty-three 
girls of the same ego who were not mature* Table V shows 
the extent to which this correspondence between early matur¬ 
ity and weight is carried out in the later ago groups* In 
weight, as in height, we have the limitation of wide varia¬ 
tions in what is normal for different Individuals at any 
age. 


TABLE V. CORRELATIONS OF PRECOCITY OF MATCH INC AW fEIGHT 


Chronological 

SI® 

lumber 

of 

esses 

r 

p.E.of r 

14 

46 

4*428 

♦ 081 

15 

27 

4 * 368 

.112 

16 

44 

4*049 

.101 

17 

53 

4*003 

.117 


The coefficient of correlation is in all cases posi¬ 
tive, but reaches four times the probable error only at age 
fourteen* There Is a gradual decline from *428 at the four¬ 
teenth year to *003 at the seventeenth* This lowering of the 
coefficient with advance in age and approach to cessation of 
growth has been noted in the correlations of oazifi cation 
ratio with maturing* As in the case of maturing and height, 
ultimate weight does not seem to be influenced by the age of 
pubescenoe* 









29 - 


Age of Maturing and j eight-Height Index .- The pro¬ 
portion of weight to height would a ©era to he a better meas¬ 
ure than absolute weight. The weight-height index was com¬ 
puted for each child measured and this index was correlated 
with precocity of maturing. 

TABLE VI. CORRELATIONS OF PRECOCITY OF MATCHING WITH WEIGHT- 
HEIGHT INDEX 


Chronotocical 

.... . AS® . 

SSber 

of 

cases 

r 

F*l. of r . 

14 

46 

+.46 

,08 

15 

27 

+.39 

.109 

18 

44 

4.12 

.099 

17 

33 

-.04 

.11 


The results are almost exactly the same as in the 
correlations of precocity of maturing with absolute weight. 
When weight is considered in relation to height, correlation 
with maturing is slightly higher, however, except for age 
seventeen. 

Age of Maturing end I.Q .- Positive correlation has 
been found between early pubescence and other indices of 
physiological and anatomical maturing. This relationship 
seems to be marked, in case of weight and ossification ratio, 
for the early high-school years. In the study of girls 











30- 


thirteen years of age there was no evidence of a spurt 
in mental ability to correspond to the accelerated phys¬ 
ical growth due to early maturing, Table VII shows the 
relation between X#CU and age of pubescence for the four 
age groups for which the previous correlations were made. 


TABLE VII. CORRELATIONS OF PRECOCITY OF MATCHING XTH X,Q. 


Chronological 

. M£ 

~ ms6Sv~' 

of 

cases 

r 

P.B* of r 

14 

45 

4.021 

ao 

15 

27 

4.029 

.129 

16 

44 

-.086 

.10 

17 

33 

- • 325 

.104 


The correlations are practically aero except at age 
seventeen, for which year a negative relationship of 
.325 4.104 is found* Certainly from these data there is 
no evidence that early maturing favors more rapid mental 
development. 

X.Q, and Ossification Ratio .- There hag been much 
interest of late in the relation of the ossification process 
in the wrist to mental development* Carpal growth has been 
selected by many as possibly the most reliable standard of 
anatomical maturity, consequently the attention of education¬ 
al psychologists hae turned to the correlation of this index 











-31- 

with measures of intelligence. Table VIII «how* the re¬ 
sults of partial correlation# for the five groups studied* 


TABLE VIII* CORRELATIONS OF I.Q* WITH OSSIFICATION RATIO 


Chronologiosl 

*ss.j 

lumber of. 

cases 

r 

P.E.of r 

13 

44 

-.137 

.099 

14 

62 

-.139 

.084 

I 15 

29 

-.174 

.12 

16 

45 

-.0023 

.10 

17 

37 

4-.0414 

.11 


The data for this study Indicate that when the fac¬ 
tor of chronological age is eliminated there is practically 
aero correlation between carpal development and the commonly 
accepted measures of mental maturity* A difficulty in inter¬ 
pretation of results of such correlations was pointed out by 
Dr* F. N. Freeman In an address before the National Education 
Association in February, 1924* In considering the recent 
studies of anatomical age in its relation to mental age Dr. 
Freeman stated the following conclusionst 

w te have difficulty In interpretation due to the fact 
that the measure of mental age is a composite. Ossification 
ratio is a measure of the distance which the individual has 
traveled along the road to maturity, or precocity. Mental 








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©« the other hand, Is a me®sure both of th© distance 
the Individual has traveled and of the lev©! of th© road 
along which he Is traveling,* of precocity and brightness* 
It is a composite measure of the two and we do not know 
In any case how much it may be affected by each of these 
two factors* In such a case our interpretation of the cor* 
relation between ossification ratio or anatomical maturity 
and mental age is somewhat involved, but the following in* 
ference seem® to be sound* 

"Suppose that anatomical precocity Is correlated 
with mental precocity. Anatomical precocity should then be 
correlated with mental age* f© have seen that mental age 
is made up of the two factors of brightness and precocity* 
Anatomical precocity may or may not be positively correlated 
with brightness* It is almost certainly not negatively cor* 
related with it* If, then, anatomical precocity is eorre* 
luted with on© of the two factors In mental age * vis* 
mental precocity, and If Its correlation with th© other is 
at least not lower than aero. It should be positively cor¬ 
related with the composite of the two* Since anatomical 
precocity is not correlated with th© composite (mental age) 
It cannot be correlated with mental precocity, which is one 
of the two factors in this composite. The same argument 
applies to th© other factor In mental age • brightness* 



Anatomical precocity appears not to be correlated with it 
either * 9 

fhese conclusions seem to apply to the date just 
presented and to other studies of carpel growth in relation 
to mental development, when chronological age is held con¬ 
stant* The results of partial correlations have given little 
evidence of correspondence between rate of anatomical growth 
end rate of mental growth* 

1»Q» and Height *** In correlating height and weight 
with mental age an added difficulty is met. lot only is 
mental age a composite, height and weight themselves are the 
product of two factors, final size and rate of growth* With¬ 
out a knowledge of final size it is Impossible to know the 
correspondence between rate of growth in height or weight 
and rate of mental growth. It has been claimed that there 
is s decided positive correlation between these types of 
physical growth and the stag© of mental maturity. Table 
IX shows low or zero partial correlations between height 
and mental development for these five groups of high-school 
girls. 




TABLE IX. - CORRELATIONS OF l.Q. ITH H.TOHT 


Chronological 

- «go [ 

lumber 

of 

oases 

r 

P.S. of r 

IS 

44 

4.009 

.10 

14 

62 

4.066 

♦os 

15 

29 

4.111 

.123 

16 

46 

4.023 

.10 

17 

37 

4.245 

.103 


The correlations arc in ail cases positive, but too 
low t© be significant* Th® highest correlation occurs at 
age seventeen, where correspondence between physical and 
mental measurements would be least expected, but here it 
is only a little more than twice the probable error. Evi¬ 
dently there Is little or no relation between growth in 
height for these girls and mental ability as Indicated by 
the intelligence test. 

!«C;« and Weight ** Mention has been made of the 
limitation of weight as a measure of physiological maturing. 
It has also been stated that Terman in his recent study 
found children of superior mental ability taller and heavier 
than th© duller and more retarded children. In the present 
study of girls of high-school age a low negative correla¬ 
tion between weight and mental age was found for the young¬ 
est group, of eg© thirteen. For each of the other groups 









the correlation was positive but low. Tables X and XI 
show that the weight-height index gives practically the 
same correlation with cental age as does absolute weight 
without relation to height* 


TABLE X. GCRRBLAT10W OF I. Q. WITH WEIGHT 


Chronolopicol 

MS 

dumber 

of 

cases 

r 

t*. 8. of r 

13 

44 

-.063 

.10 

14 

61 

+ .099 

.085 

15 

29 

+ .150 

.12 

16 

45 

+ .209 

.096 

17 

37 

+ .175 

.107 


TABLE XI. CORRELATION OF I.Q. WITH IEIOHT-HBIOHT IJffiBX 


Chronological 

|r- r . . •»...._. 

Svmber 

of 

cases 

r 

F,1. of r 

13 

44 

-.14 

.099 

14 

61 

+.12 

.08 

15 

29 

+.16 

.11 

16 

45 

+ .21 

.095 

17 

37 

+.18 

.107 


For the groups studied weight has about the earn® 
correlation as height with cental ability. In either c'se, 
the correlation for the earliar years when growth is taking 

















place Is about aero. In the correlations of I„q, with 
height the highest coefficient was found to be 4.245 4*105 
at age seventeen* The highest correlation of weight with 

I #C; * whether absolute weight or weight-height 

index be taken* 

Height and Oeelfloetlon Ratio *- since both height 
and the ostificatlon process of the wrist are phases of 
skeletal growth, positive correlation might be expected of 
these two types of physical development. Ho uniform or 
very marked correspondence between height and ossification 
ratio was found, however, as may be seen from Table XXx. 


TABLE XXI* OORRSXASXOIB OF HEIGHT WITH 0&3mCA*X0? RATIO 


Chronological 

_ 

Humber 

of 

caeca 

r 

B.E. of r 

13 

45 

4*201 

.107 

14 

65 

+ #318 

*076 

15 

29 

-*105 

.128 

16 

48 

4*0107 

*10 

17 

87 

4.227 

.105 


Correlation is negative only for age fifteen* At 
age fourteen it reaches 4*518 £*§78 * more than four times 
the probable error, but not high. The low correlation of 
height with ossification ratio may be due to the fact that 












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euoh a ratio discounts the influence of the general size 
of the Individual upon the size of the carpal bone®. Total 
ossification might show more decided correlation with 
height* 

Conclusions * 

1* A statistical study of the physical and mental 
measurements of 217 high-school girls, with chronological 
oga held constant for each of five group®, gives very low 
partial correlations between the Otl»-I»Q. and the commonly 
accepted indices of physiological and anatomical development. 

£♦ The lowest correlations obtained are between the 
intelligence quotient and ossification ratio. For the five 
groups the coefficients are, respectively, - f i37 it.099, 
-.139 +.084, -.174 :.12, -.002 +.10, +.041 J.U. 

3. Between the Intelligence quotient and height the 
correlations are also practically zero, varying from 
4.0097 t.lO at age thirteen to +.245 +*103 at ago seventeen. 
Correlation of l.Q* with height is in all cases positive, 
but too low to he slgnifleant* 

4* Mo higher correlations are found between-I,©, and 
weight. The coefficient varies from zero at the ©erller 
age level® to +.209 **096 at age sixteen* 

6. Precocity of maturing also fails to show relation 
to intelligence as measured by the test* For four groups 






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the coefficients ere, respectively, +.021 2.10, +.029 2l2, 
-.086 +10, -.325 +.10. 

6. The most marked correlations from the study * r « 
between precocity of maturing and the ossification ratio: 
+.562 2.067 for the fourteen-year group end +.467 +.10 for 
the fifteen-year group. The lower correlations at the 
years of approaoh to cessation of growth are to be expected. 

7. Precooity of maturing shows positive correlation 
with height and weight only for the younger groups studied. 
There la no evidence from these data that ultimate height 
and weight are influenced by the age of maturing. 

8. Correlations between height and ossification 
ratio are low, but positive except at age fifteen. The low 
relationship found may be due to the fact that the ossifica¬ 
tion ratio, which gives the ratio of total ossification to 

the carpal quadrilateral, tends to dlseount the influence of 
general skeletal size upon the size of the carpal bones. 



-39- 


VI • COMPARISON Mim THE RESULTS OX* OTHER XSVESTXOATIONS 

There ha® been much speculation in regard to the 
relationship between physical and mental growth but, until 
recently, comparatively little scientific study of the 
problem. Since 1020 several valuable Investigation® have 
been made, the interest of the investigators has been 
mainly in some measure of carpal development and in the 
relation of this index of anatomical growth to measures of 
mental development. In some cases other criteria of 
physical maturity have been correlated with intelligence 
and with the selected standard of carpal growth. The re¬ 
sults of these recent studies may be compared with the 
data just presented* 

The Investigation of oodrow and Lowell.- In 1921 
Woodrow and Lowell published their findings from « study 
of 402 Minneapolis school children. 1 The purpose of their 
investigation was to study the relation of anatomic age 
to intelligence. The children varied fro m five years of 
age to twelve years of age, each year group containing 
about twenty-five boy® and twenty-five girls, with the 
exception of the 7 1/2 and 10 1/2 year groups which contained 


1. Woodrow, Herbert and Lowell, Francis, "Some Data on 
Anatomic Age and Its Relation to Intelligence." The 
Pedagogical Spains ry, Vol. XXIX, Ho. 1, March 192T7* 








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40- 


boys and fifty girls each* The intelligence of 
the children wee mm eured by means of the Kuhlman 1917 
Revision of the Blnet Scale. Radiographs of the hand® 
were made, with judgment of carpel development based up¬ 
on general impression rather than upon the mathematical 
weighting of the factors involved* The number of perman¬ 
ent teeth was recorded and measurements of height were 
taken. A summary of their correlations follows: 

1* “The correlation between Intelligence and either 
carpal development or the number of permanent teeth, while 
without exception definitely positive, was found to b® low, 
the correlations varying from .12 to .23 in the 7 1/2 year 
group end from .30 to .41 in the 10 1/2 year group*" 

2* “The number of permanent teeth was found to show 
very nearly ss much correlation with intelligence as the 
degree of carpel development (considering the results for 
both sexes 

3. "The correlation between intelligence and an 
amalgamation of both carpal and dental development (in 
the 7 1/2 year group) was found to ba somewhat higher, 
considering the results for both sexes, than the corre¬ 
lation between intelligence and either carpal or dental 
development alone." 

4* "The correlation between height and carpal de¬ 
velopment (10 1/2 year group) was found to be very low. 



*41 


(girls *14, boys .27)* w 

5. *£ correlation between height ©nd l.Q* w©s ob¬ 
tained for the 10 1/2 year group for each sex, ©nd in 
both cases found to be very much lower than that between 
Intelligence and carpal development 

Emphasis was laid by the writers upon the fact that 
carpal development showed higher correlation with intelli¬ 
gence than did height. The present investigation gives 
different findings, The correlation between I.c, and ossi¬ 
fication ratio is in four cases out of five negative, while 
height shows, without exception, positive correlation with 
X.C. These differences in results are, however, hardly 
significant. From either of the investigations the corre¬ 
lations are too low to indicate marked relationship between 
intelligence and any measure of physical development. 

The present study agrees with that of loodrow and 
Lowell in the low correlations found between height and 
the ossification process in the wrist# 

Baldwin .- In a radiographic study reported about the 
time of Woodrow and Lowell’s investigation, Professor Bird 
!. Baldwin of the University of low® made whet was probably 
the first attempt to use a planimeter for the purpose of 
measuring the are® of the carpel bones. But while Baldwin 
used on objective method of measurement he overlooked the 



- 13 - 

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-42 


fact that th© hand© of certain individuals arc naturally 
larger than those of others, although there may be no dif¬ 
ference In age or in stag® of carpal development. In order 
to determine the relationship between carpal development and 
mental age rating, Baldwin and atecher* first worked out 
total correlations?« the coefficient of correlation between 
mental age and anatomical age (as indicated by th© exposed 
are- of the carpal bones of the right wrist) wag +.875 i.021 
for fifty-four boys, and +.869 *.023 for fifty girls. 

Recognising that the else of thee® coefficients was 
increased by the wide range of ages, Baldwin compared total 
and partial correlations, thus showing the influence of the 
age factor upon Intercorrclations of height, weight. X-rays 
of the wrist bonce, and mental age. By th© method of total 
correlation the results for forty-nine girls were as follows; 
mental age and weight +.71; mental age and height +.89; men¬ 
tal age and x-ray +.83. For these same girls partial corre¬ 
lations, with chronological age constant, gave no indication 
of relationship between weight or x-raya and mental age, but 
did give a correlation of +.53 between height and mental age. 
Height and x-ray, with the age factor eliminated, gave a 
correlation of +.62. Baldwin concluded that the influence 


1. Baldwin, B. T* sad Stecher, L, I., ‘‘Mental Growth Curves 
of Horms1 and Superior Children,” University of Iowa * 
Studies in Child Welfare, Vol. IX, No. I, pp, 56-57. 










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of chronologic©! age is more important with some traits 
then with others, Ee found the correlation# between phys¬ 
ical traits only slightly influenced by keeping chronological 
#g© conetant, but the high correlation# between mental age 
end physical traits* except in the cage of height# mm re¬ 
duced practically to aero in the partial correlations (+,09 
for x-ray arid mental age* -.15 for weight and mental age). 

Baldwin*s results differ from the findings of the 
present study only in the correlation of height with mental 
age and with the anatomical index. Els higher correlation 
between height and the measure of os; ification is probably 
due to the fret that he used no ratio between the osificetion 
found and the six© of the carpal quadrilateral, fh© teller 
individual®* having the larger hands, wore considered more 
advanced in carpal development. The more decided relation¬ 
ship which Baldwin found between height and mental age Is 
more difficult to explain. However, the probable error 
of correlation tsould be large since Baldwin had only forty- 
nine individuals in the total group studied. 

Carter,- account has already been given of the method 
of measuring carpal development which has been worked out 
in the Laboratory Schools of the University of Chicago. In 




44 


Carter’s study, 1 end in the present investigation, the 
ossification ratio * the ratio of total ossification to 
the carpal quadrilateral - was used as the index of 
carpal growth and partial correlations were found between 
this index and mental age. From total correlations between 
mental age and the anatomical index Carter, like Baldwin, 
found high coefficients (+*73 for boys* +.75 for girls). 
Partial correlations, with chronological age constant, 
gave zero coefficients (+.084 for boys? +.088 for girls). 
Carter’s study indicates that chronological age has a 
closer correlation with mental g® than does the ossifica¬ 
tion ratio. 

Prescott A recent valuable contribution to the study 
of anatomical development in relation to mental development 
has been reported by Prescott from the Pi ycho~I duo rational 
Clinic of Harvard University. Here, as in the Chicago in¬ 
vestigation, a discriminating measure of the extent of car¬ 
pal development is adopted through the use of a ratio which 
takes Into consideration tha size of the hand. Very low 
partial correlations between mental age and the anatomical 
index are reported by Prescott. For four groups studied tha 
coefficients are, respectively, -.05, +.12, +.30, +.33. The 

1. Carter, T* M«, */. Study of Radiographs of the Bones of tha 
Wrist as a Means of Determining Anatomical Age.” The Uni¬ 
versity of Chicago, 1923. 









writer concludes that there 1® H no Invariable relation¬ 
ship between the else of the yearly increments of physical 
and mental growth#** 

Conclusions * 

1* Hecent investigatIons of the relationship be¬ 
tween carpal development and mantel age agree in finding 
very low partial correlations, with chronological age as 
a constant factor# the size of the coefficients of corre¬ 
lation seems not to be greatly effected by the method of 
measuring carpal development - whether the method be sub¬ 
jective or mathematically exact and quantitative, whether 
it be measurement of total carpal are© or of the ratio of 
ossification to the carpal quadrilateral# 

2* the results of the present study agree with those 
of previous investigations considered in indicating that, 
in general, mental development seems to be independent of 
growth in physical traits, 'tm only exception noted from 
recent investigations is in the marked correlation (+#53) 
which Baldwin found between height ©nd mental age from a 
study of forty-nine girls. 

3# Baldwin’s higher correlation between height and 
the anatomical index may have been due, in part at least, 
to his method of measurement which failed to allow for dif¬ 
fer** ces in the sise of the hands of individuals of the 
same age and stage of anatomical development# 



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-46- 


VII. AHALTOCAt SflfjDY OF CASES EXCEPTIONAL IH PHYSICAL 

Mfmuopumt 

It was decided to attack the problem of correlation 
between physical and mental growth from another angle 
through an analytical study of caeca exceptional in ana¬ 
tomical or physiological development* If any relationship 
exists between intelligence and physical status it seems 
reasonable to expect it to appear in cases markedly differ¬ 
ent from the norm in physical growth. Physiological matur¬ 
ation, as indicated by pubescence, and anatomical develop¬ 
ment, as indicated by growth of the bones of the wrist, are 
probably the most commonly accepted Indices of general 
physical maturing. Study was therefore made of individuals 
noticeably above or below the average in either of these 
standards of growth* 

Cases i'.xceptlonal in Physiological Maturing 
In order to determine the average chronological age 
of physiological maturing for girls in the University of 
Chicago High School, examination was made of the physical 
records of over am thousand girls who have attended the 
school within recent years. Records of ego of pubescence 
were found for 487 girls. A distribution of these ages 
shows a nearly normal curve,with average age, by any measure 



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•47- 


of ©antral tendency, at approximately 13 y mm 6 months, 
Baldwin found the median ago of maturing for 56 girls in 
this seme school to be 13 years 9 months, and concluded 
that Chicago girls mature later than girls of the country 
sod of the smaller city, 1 Distribution of a much larger 
number of or see shows that the average age of maturing for 
the University High School girls is three months earlier than 
Baldwin*s data led him to believe# The data from the present 
investigation are presented in Table XIII and, graphically, 
in Figure VIII* 


TABLE XIII. PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF ACES OF MATURING FOR 

487 GIRLS IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO HIGH SCHOOL 


Age 

of 

oases 

Per cent 

10 

5 

1.03 

11 

37 

7*60 

12 

112 

22*99 

13 

172 

35,32 

14 

123 

25*26 

15 

29 

5*96 

16 

8 

1.63 

17 

1 

*21 


1, Baldwin, 8. T#, r The Physical Growth of Children from 
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This distribution shows agreement with the general 
finding that rang© in age of maturing is wide. At no age 
are forty per cent of the girls found pubescent, but for 
more than a third the advent cornea between the thirteenth 
and fourteenth birthdays* 

At present there are enrolled in the University High 
School thirty-eight girls who in age of maturing differ to 
such an extent from the average chronological age of pubes¬ 
cence as to seem of interest for this study* By chance t 
nineteen are accelerated in physiological maturation while 
nineteen ©re retarded. Those accelerated were pubescent be¬ 
tween ten and one-haIf and eleven and one-half years of age* 
For those retarded the advent of pubescence was - in sixteen 
of the nineteen eases - between ages fifteen and one-half 
end sixteen# Three of the girls retarded In development are 
not yet mature* One of these is nearly seventeen! the 
others are approaching sixteen# An intensive study was 
made of these eases.through school records, health end 
growth records, end conferences with teachers* School re¬ 
ports from the tine of each pupil 1 e enrollment in the Uni¬ 
versity Laboratory Schools were read and record wag mad© of 
the date of each report# The purpose of this study wag 
to follow the physical, mental and social development of 
these pupils and to not© important differences between the 



accelerated In maturing and those decidedly retarded, A 
comparison of the two groups will first he given, to be 
followed by a description of typical individuals. 

Group Comparisons. * in studying the accelerated and 
retarded in maturing attention was given to intelligence 
test scores, grade location, class standing, social develop* 
ment, general physical growth, health, and adjustment to 
the demands of the school. These phases of the comparative 
study will be considered in order. 

1. Intelligence test scores . The statistical study 
gave no evidence of correlation between precocity of matur¬ 
ing and mental ability as measured by an intelligence test, 
When the extremes in age of pubescence are compered there 
is still no significant correlation, as may be noted from 
Figure IX. The median X.Q, for the physiologically retarded 
is 112 ; for the accelerated, 114*5. Moreover, there is little 
difference in range ©f intelligence quotients. Judging from 
the accepted method of mm curing intelligence there cease 

for these grouoe to be lit tie relation between mental abil¬ 
ity and the age of pubescence. 

2. Grade location. Another measure of intellectual 
capacity may be found In progress through the grades. The 
following table presents a comparison of the two groups in 







57 



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■52- 


re s oect to grade location* 

TABLE. XIV* SCHOOL PROGRESS OF 19 PUPILS HITAHLEL AND 19 
PUPILS ACCELERATED IW PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURE 0 


School progress 

m r yi'£o- 

logically 

retarded 

^•^yilo-““ — 
logically 
accelerated 

Accelerated 

2 years 


2 

Accelerated 

1 year 

1 

9 

Normal 

IS 

6 

Retarded 

1 year 

1 

1 

Retarded 

2 years 

2 

1 


fehil© only three of those physiologically retarded 
have failed to make normal school progress, only one pupil 
is above the normal school grade, of the nineteen accel¬ 
erated in age ©f maturing, eleven are above the grade nor¬ 
mal for their age* In grade location the median pupil of 
the latter group is on© year ahead of the median pupil In 
the former group. The advantage of 2*5 points in X,Q* can 
hardly b© sufficient explanation of the more rapid school 
progress for the girls of early pubescence. 










•53- 


3* standing . It is Important to know not 

only the grade location of a pupil but that pupil*s suc¬ 
cess within the grade. Table XV shows teachers’ ratings 
of the pupils In these two groups. 

TABLE XV. TEACHERS * RATIMGS OF 19 PUPILS RETARDED AMD 19 
PUPILS ACCELERATED IN PHYSIOLOGICAL MWHim 


Teachers* 

rating® 

Physio- 

logically 

retarded 

TOysi b- 

logicslly 

accelerated 

Superior 

2 

2 

Above average 

2 

5 

Average 

6 

8 

Below average 

6 

3 

Inferior 

3 

1 


The rating® of these pupils ©re upon school work 
for the currant year* If earlier reports had been used 
the comparison would have been more unfavorable for the 
girls retarded in physiological development. Several of 
the Q girls have shown gradual but steady improvement since 
pubescence. Comparison of the present ratings shows that 
those who matured early are somewhat more successful in 
their school work* There is no difference, however, in 












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-64- 

tb© number of "superior” pupil© In each group* 

4* Social development « The bean of girls In th© 
high school gave her opinion of th© social age of each 
pupil in these two groups. Teachers* comments were also 
considered and reference was mad© to th© teachers* diag¬ 
nostic reports* These reports give rating® in such social 
qualities as co-operativeneas, leadership, consideration 
of others, and assumption of responsibility. From these 
sources it was possible to gain an idea of th© general so¬ 
cial development of each of the girls studied. Of the 
thirty-eight pupils in th© two groups, ten arc mentioned 
as being socially immature for their age. nine of the ten 
belong to the group of the physiologically retarded. Only 
cm of th© girl© ;fho matured before the average age BmwiM 
to have had difficulty in social adjustment. For these 
thirty-eight pupils, at least, there is evidently a rela¬ 
tion betw-eti physiological ago and social age. 

i 

Goner*! physical growth . The Influence of ©g© of 
maturing upon growth in height and weight may best be pre¬ 
sented through typical individual growth curves. Figures 
X end XX show growth in height m € weight for five of the 
physiologically retarded and five of the physiologically 
accelerated. For the girls who matured shout the eg© of 
eleven the curve of growth between ages nine and fourteen 
is, in general, negatively accelerated, Growth is rapid 









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-57- 

from nine to eleven, begins to decline before twelve, 
and comes almost to cessation before fourteen. For 
those who matured between fifteen end out-half and six¬ 
teen years of age the curve for this asm© period is 
positively eoetlerated* there is ® decrees© in growth 
in height about age fifteen, but no general decrees© in 
weight is apparent at this time* then compered with 
th© norma pf growth in height and weight, the girls re¬ 
tarded in maturing are below the average, with the ex¬ 
ception of one girl in weight. Sines, however, growth 
for the retarded in maturing will continue until a later 
ago, it is probable that in ultimate also the differences 
between the two groups will not be so pronounced. 

6 * Sggltfr * th* cards kept by the school physiol m 
show each pupilb halth record from the time of enrollment 
in th© school, of the nineteen glrla slow in maturing, 
eleven have been reported as being in poor physical condi¬ 
tion for m period covering a year or more. Extreme nervous¬ 
ness and malnutrition are the common ailments. For the 
nineteen wtic matured ©bout the age of eleven, there Is 
hardly any record of ill health since entering the school* 
Only on© is mentioned as having been noticeably below nor¬ 
mal in health. 




-58- 


7 • Ad .1^gtmeat to the demand© of the school* There 
are more problem case© among those who matured late than 
among those who matured early. In some oases difficulty 
In adaptation to school requirements Is due to 111 health, 
in other© to social Immaturity. The girl© slow in physical 
development have caused more concern than the other group 
beosus© of Inferior sohool work* However# a few girls for 
whom pubescence has been late have been among the moat 
satisfactory pupils in the school* Late maturing seems in 
three c*sea to be perfectly normal from every point of view. 
Typical Individuals of the physiologically retarded group 
will be described. Those who matured early stem to have 
developed so normally that there is little to be said of them. 

Individuals Retarded In Maturing .- The girls selected 
for a descriptive study represent the various types found 
among those slow in physiological development, gach pupil*© 
index number in the high school will be substituted for her 
name. 

PUPXX* 614 i® a Jewish girl seventeen years of age 
whose general physical development, except for pubescence 
close to her sixteenth birthday# has conformed to that of 
the average girl of her race* For two years she has been 
under treatment for inactive thyroid# but until the age of 
fifteen her health was excellent and rate of growth s&emd 








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59- 


normal. On her seventeenth birthday the following measure- 
ments wore recorded: height 02.6 inches, weight 105 pounds 
(49 pounds overweight), ossification ratio 1.18 (mean for 
age 1.09)* 

In mental ability Pupil 614 seem® tob© below the 
average in the school but above the general norm. Her I.Q. 
on the Otl® Higher Examination is 109, which would rank 
her as a superior normal according to accepted standards. 

In grad© location she is one year retarded and is doing 
work ©lightly below the average of her class. Her teachers 
report that she has ability but lacks ambition end initiative 
In her study habits she is inclined to be somewhat indolent 
and careless, but there ha* been improve ant in this respect. 

Adjustment to the social moral standard* of her 
group was rather difficult for this girl before pubescence. 
For two years she was a serious problem case in the school. 
Petty thievery and lying wore common offences, although the 
girl had been carefully trained in the highest type of 
Jewish home. Social and moral difficulties, together with 
Inferior class work, made her very undesirable in the school. 
This ye«r, however, there is evidence of © better attitude 
toward work and group standard®. The change has been grad¬ 
ual but apparent. 


’ 60 ’ 


ffleih 567 is an example of superior mental devel¬ 
opment accompanied by alow physiological growth* At the 
ag® of sixteen she is only 56 inches tall, weighs only 
98 pounds, and has only recently reached physlologfeal 
maturity. In carpal development, however, she is in 
the upper quart lie of her age group with an ossification 
ratio of 1*14. Growth during childhood seemed normal 
and health was excellent, but for three years there has 
been &most entire arrest of general physical development. 
Malnutrition and nervousness are very pronounced* 

In spite of physical handicaps 567 is om of the 
beet students in the University High School. Her Otis X.C. 
of 117 is only slightly above the average for the girls of 
the school, but her record is unexcelled* Diagnostic re¬ 
ports give her first rank in intellectual interest and inde¬ 
pendence, power of sustained application and ability to do 
original work. Her teachers characterise her as an excel¬ 
lent student with very oven achievement, "one who can always 
be counted upon for unique contributions to any unit of 
work." That the high quality of ©or* maintained is not done 
easily, however, but is a great' physical strain upon the 
girl, is indicated by a note sent' recently by her mother to 
the school physicians "J* is nervous and worried about her 
work. She is Inclined to believe that everything she does 
is poorer than the work of others, end is very conscientious 
and reliable, which produces more nervousness.* 





-61- 


In social development 567 seems to be somewhat re¬ 
tarded. While she always manifests a good spirit and a 
desire to co-operate, she is very noticeably timid and 
retiring and socially lacks the initiative which disting¬ 
uishes her in her class work. 

Slow physical growth is accompanied by slow, or 
inferior, mental development in the case of PUPIL 973 . 

This girl et fifteen years of age has not yet matured 
physiologically, has a mental age of 15 years 10 months 
{!♦' * 92), and is two year® retarded in school progress. 
Records obtained from the office of the school physician 
show that there has been slow physical development from In¬ 
fancy. AX birth 973 weighed only 3 1/2 pounds. She grew 
very slesly and did not walk until she was two yeer s old* 
After the age of two her health was better and Physical de¬ 
velopment aearned somewhat more normal. Since entering the 
subfreshman class in high school there have been reports 
of nervousness **nd general ill health. The decided increase 
in height and weight during the past year - from 5B.S to 
60.8 inches in height, and from 75 to 86.5 pounds in weight - 
probably Indicates early approach to physiological maturity. 
Ossification ratio has now reached 1*11, which is above 
the norm (1.096) for ago seventeen. 




Pupil 975 is retarded socially and scholastical¬ 
ly. She seems to put forth effort to meet requirements, 
but is too weak for the demands made upon her. The fol¬ 
lowing statements from two of her teachers are typical of 
all reports givens "Her work is weak. She gives good at¬ 
tention and appears to put forth effort, but fails to get 
results* H "She trios hard, but does her work vory ooorly, 
and only comes up to the standard with great effort*" She 
is further characterised as "a socially very immature little 
girl." 

In mental development end in school progress PUPIL 
665 seems to be normal, but in phyeiologieel maturing she 
is slower than the average. At fifteen years of age she 
is pre-putoesoent♦ Present rapid physical growth, however, 
is probable indicative of adolescence. During the past 
year her weight has increased from 86*2 to 100.1 pounds, and 
her height from 69*8 to 62.4 inches. The most rapid in¬ 
crease in ossification ratio occurred between her thirteenth 
and fourteenth birthdays - from .96 at thirteen (norm 1.01) 
to 1.12 at fourteen (norm 1.074)* there has been no carpal 
growth during the past year. 

The Otis X.Q, for Pupil 686 Is 107. While this is 
above the average intelligence quotient, it is below the 
median (116) for the girle of the University High School* 



63- 


This must account, in part, for the fact that this pupil 
is reported as below average in intellectual traits, and, 
in general, as "a weak and mediocre student.* 1 he is de¬ 
scribed by one teacher as "hesitant, groping - one who 

has net yet sensed the satisfaction of positive attack and 
definite accomplishment•" A study of school reports cover¬ 
ing three years reveals little change in attitude or seho 
lastic ability. There appears to have been a rather con¬ 
sistent lacking in force, purpose and stamina. 

In social development, as estimated by co-operetive- 
ness, team-work qualities, consideration of others and assump¬ 
tion of responsibilities, the rating for Pupil 665 is aver¬ 
age, or below average, 

PUPIL 862 . now sixteen years of age, was not physio¬ 
logically mature until shortly before her sixteenth birthday. 
Slow development of this function seem® in this case to 
have been perfectly normal and without effect upon growth in 
height, weight or intelligence. On the sixteenth birthday 
measurement in height was 64.8 inches, in weight 133.7 pounds, 
while the intelligence quotient was 125. low physiologcsl 
maturing seems her* to have been accompanied fey slow carpal 
development. The ossification ratio of .93 at sixteen is 
considerably below the norm (1*09) for this age. 




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-64- 


Hecords of the school work of 862 for the pm% 
three years show that she has been consistently above 
the average in ell qualities. Intellectual or social* 

There is no evidence of any change due to adolescence* 

From the beginning of her high-school Oerter at age four¬ 
teen she has manifested the finest attitude and ability* 
Beoorts since that year characterise her as on© independent 
in methods of thought, quick and exact in judgment, of un¬ 
usual executive ability, “diligent, thoughtful, persistent, 
self-reliant, of quiet manner, unexcitable, a pupil who can 
be depended upon always.* 1 ' 

Perfect health, coupled with emotional and intel¬ 
lectual stability, indicates normality in the age of matur¬ 
ing for this girl* 

FPPIL S was nearly sixteen before she was physio¬ 
logically mature* In general physical development »he is 
somewhat below the average. On her seventeenth birthday 
she measured In height 61 Inches (norm 63*6), in weight 99 
pounds (norm 121.8), and in ossification ratio 1*04 (norm 
1.096). For more than a year before maturing nervousness 
and over-anxiety about her studies made work so difficult 
that it was found necessary to arrange a very light school 
program for her* After pubescence health improved and full 
work was resumed* 




In intellectual traits and scholarship pupil a 
has had high rank from the beginning of her hlgh-school 
career. Her intelligence quotient has remained about 123. 

All school reports for the past three years have described 
her ms an Intelligent student, responsible, persistent and 
accurate. Before pubescence, however, there was frequent 
mention in school reports of a certain mental and social 
immaturity surprising in one of so bright a mind. Nearly 
a year after the girl*a maturing one of her teachers wrote, 

*R. hoe Improved wonderfully since two years ago. hat has 
wrought the change?* 

For pubescence shortly before the sixteenth 

birthday was followed by more than the average growth in 
height and weight for this age. Within little m or© than a 
year height increased nearly two inches and weight about 
twenty-one pounds, unusual growth between the sixteenth 
and seventeenth years. Late maturing seems to have caused 
no ultimate loss in else, since on the girl 1 * seventeenth 
birthday height ms 63,5 inches and weight was 130.1 pound®. 

Ho corresponding spurt in intelligence was noted, 
as measured by group tests, but some improvement in social 
attitudes and mental organisation seemed to follow adolescence. 
Of unquestioned superiority In mental ability, with an l.o, 
of 118, Pupil 240 was for two years a problem because of lack 



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of muscular and mental control# Co-ordination of any 
sort seemed difficult for her# Teachers reported her to 
be ”a disorganized individual, 11 erratic, undeveloped, 
lacking in concentration and dependability. She was al¬ 
ways mentally alert, however, and at times did work of a 
very high quality* 

The most noticeable improvement since physiological 
maturation has been In social traits, 

For PUPIL 925 growth seems to have been slow in 
nearly all physical traits# At the age of fifteen she is 
Just pubescent and is below the average in height, weight 
end ossification ratio* The Otis X*c* of 112 indicates more 
than normal Intelligence, but this ability has been mani¬ 
fested rather unevenly In class work# Borne teachers report 
that 925 is ’’very, very stupid, has poor memory and unusual¬ 
ly slow reaction to explanations," while others have found 
her a good student and careful worker. In general, her work 
is below the standard of the school and reteaching is neces¬ 
sary before credit can be given# Pressure alone has kept 
her normal in grad© location# 

Social immaturity and lack of intellectual purpose 
and independence &mm to be the characteristics of Pupil 925* 
The dean of girls says of her that in general social atti- 



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tntfe she Is hardly more than eleven yosnrs of age. 

COUCXDSioig .* The number of cases studied is too 
small for genera11sat ion, but for these thirty-eight 
girls there Is evidence that age ©f physiological matur¬ 
ing 1® directly related to social age, school progress, 
general physical growth, health, and capacity for adjust¬ 
ment to the requirements of the school. The intelligence 
tost shows little correlation between mental age and physio¬ 
logical age. There m@m, however,to be certain mental and 
emotional traits # not measurable by Intelligenoe tests, 
which are influenced by maturing. Of the nineteen girls 
retarded in physiological development, saven were described 
in school reports before their pubescence as "bright enough 
but mentally immature, 1 * or, *as childish and Immature in 
attitude.” For some of the girls studied, late maturing 
was apparently normal and due, perhaps, to racial or family 
heredity, in general, however, pubescence after age fifteen 
was found less favorable than early maturity. 

Cases Exceptional in Anatomical Development 

Selection was made of ten cases markedly high and ten 
cases markedly low in ossification ratio. This index of ana¬ 
tomical development was then considered in relation to the 
intelligence quotient and school progress of each of the 




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- 88 - 


twenty girls, with the purpose of discovering whether 
for esses extreme in osalflostion any correlation can be 
found between anatomical and mental growth. The data for 
the twenty oases are presented in Table XVI* 























• 69 - 


TABLE XVI.- CASES EXCEPTIONAL IB ANATOMICAL DEVELOPMENT 


Pupil’s 

Index 

number 

Age 

6s a if 

cation 

ratio 

liri*. 

for 

- •60. 

. 

ticn from 
norm 

Z«Q. 

School 

progress 

1336 

13 

1.24 

l.OI 

4.23 

106 

One year 
retarded 

634 

13 

.90 

1.01 

-.11 

112 

formal 

626 

13 

.93 

1.01 

-.08 

122 

One year 
accelerated 

813 

13 

1.13 

1.01 

4.12 

108 

normal 

691 

14 

.92 

1.074 

-.154 

126 

On© year 
accelerated 

1195 

14 

.90 

1.074 

-.174 

94 

Two years 
retarded 

759 

14 

1.18 

1.074 

4.106 

120 

One year 
accelerated 

195 

14 

1.16 

1.074 

4.076 

117 

normal 

925 

15 

.91 

1.082 

-.172 

112 

normal 

938 

15 

.98 

1.082 

-.102 

125 

formal 

536 

15 

1.19 

1.082 

4.108 

111 

formal 

946 

15 

1.19 

1.082 

4.108 

124 

One year 
accelerated 

862 

16 

.93 

1.093 

-.163 

126 

formal 

663 

16 

1.00 

1.093 

-.093 

118 

forma1 

965 

16 

1.25 

1.093 

4.157 

134 

One year 
accelerated 

997 

16 

1.22 

1.093 

4.127 

104 

formal 

745 

17 

1.03 

1.096 

-.066 

121 

formal 

653 

17 

1.03 

1.096 

-.066 

102 

forma1 

802 

17 

1.21 

1.096 

4.114 

126 

formal 

614 

17 

1.18 

1.096 

4.084 

109 

One year 
retarded 































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•70- 


These exceptional eases give no Indication of 
an invariable relationship between anatomical and mental 
development* Apparently any combination of rate between 
the two types of growth may be found* Pupil 1336, for in¬ 
stance, has at age thirteen an ossification ratio of 1*24, 
which may be compared with the norm of 1.01 for girls of 
age thirteen and the norm of 1.096 for age seventeen* Yet 
this pupil is in the lowest quintile in intelligence quotient 
end is slightly retarded in school progress* Pupil 965, 
on the other hand, is the highest of the twenty girls both 
in ossification ratio and intelligence quotient, and is one 
year accelerated in grade location* of the five girls 
above the normal grade in school, three are exceptionally 
accelerated end two are exceptionally retarded In anatomical 
growth* Of three retarded in school progress, two are ex¬ 
ceptionally high in ossification ratio, jrine of the twenty 
girls have intelligence quotients above 120. five of these 
are from the anatomically retarded group. Evidently these 
extreme cases show no uniform correlation of ossification 
with mental growth or school progress* 


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mi. OOVCUP8XOH& 


!• Statistical study of the physical and mental 
measurements of more than two hundred high-school girls 
reveals little or no relationship between Intelligence 
and the generally accepted criteria of physiological and 
anatomical development. When chronological age is held 
constant, mental ability, as measured by the intelligence 
test, shows approximately zero correlation with ossifica¬ 
tion ratio, height, weight, end age of physiological matur¬ 
ing. 

2. The lowest correlations obtained are between the 
intelligence quotient and ossification ratio. For five ago 
groups the coefficients are, respectively, -.137 £.099, 

-.139 *.084, -.174 **12, -.002 t,10, 4.041 +.11* This 
finding agrees with the results of similar investigations 
in which children of the same chronological age have been 
studied. Whatever method of measuring carpal development 
has been used, very low partial correlations have been 
found between mental age end anatomical age. 

5. Correlations between the intelligence quotient 
and height are in all cases positive but too low to b© 
significant• 

4. Weight shows about the same relation as does height 
to the intelligence quotient. 



-72 


5* Zero or negative coefficients ere found in the 
correlation of precocity of maturing with mental age* Early 
pubescence for these girls has evidently no direct relation 
to mental ability as measured by the intelligence teat. 

6* The moat marked correlations fro® the study are 
between precocity of maturing and the ossification ratio: 

+ .562 *#067 for the fourteen-year group and +.467 *£#10 for 
the fifteen-year group. The lower correlation at the 
year® of approach to cessation of growth are to be expected. 

7* Precocity of maturing shows positive correlation 
with growth in height and weight at ages thirteen and four¬ 
teen. There ie no evidence, however, that ultimate size is 
influenced by the age of pubescence. 

8. Correlations between height and ossification ratio 
are low but, in general, positive. The higher partial 
correlations found by Baldwin are probably due to the fact 
that he used a method of measurementt which did not discount 
the influence of general skeletal size upon the size of the 
carpal bones. 

9. Distribution of ages of physiological maturing 
of 487 girls at present or formerly enrolled in the Uni¬ 
versity of Chicago High School, shows a wide range in age 
of pubescence. The average age of maturing for these girls 
is 15 years 6 months. The range is from ten years through 



-73- 

seventeen years, end the curve of distribution 1® approxi¬ 
mately normal# 

10* For thirty-eight girls exceptional in age of 
maturing there is evidence that physiological ago is direct¬ 
ly related to social age, school progress, general physical 
growth, health, and capacity for adjustment to the demands 
of the school* Although intelligence test results indi¬ 
cate little correlation between mental ability and physio¬ 
logical ego, an intensive study of this limited number of 
C£>see leads to the belief that there are probably certain 
important mental and emotional traits, not measurable by 
intelligence test®, which are influenced by physiological 
maturing* 

11* A study of cases markedly above or 'below the norm 
in anatomical development shows no definite relationship 
between anatomical age and mental age or school progress* 

12* The number of cases studied is too small for 
generalisation* There seems to be euggootion for further 
investigation in the relation found between age of maturing 
end school progress, and in the correlation of precocity of 
maturing with ossification ratio at the early high-school 
years* 


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-74- 


IX- BWUOW /' PHY 

Baldwin, Bird T. and Stecher, L. I«, Mental growth Curve 
o£J*pg«al and Superior Children. University of 
Iowa Studies in Child Ielfare. Vol. XX, Mo. 1, 
January, 1922* 

Baldwin, B. T., The Physical growth of Children from Birth 
to Maturity . University of Iowa Studies in Child 
Veifare. Vol. X, Ko. 1, June, 1921. 

Been, R. B. 9 “The Eruption of Teeth as a Physiological 
Standard for Testing Development.» pedagogical 
Seminary , XXX (1914), pp. 596-614. 

Beik, A. K., “Physiological Age and School Entrance. 11 

Pedagogical Seminary . XX (1913), pp. 277-331. 
Carter, T* M•, A Study of Radiographs of the Bones of the 
irlst as a Keane of Determining Anatomical Age . 

Doctor's Dissertation, University of Chicago, 1923. 
Or®apton, C. f., “Physiological Age - A Fundamental Prin¬ 
ciple.* The American Physical Education Review . 

Vol. XXXX (1908), ifoa. 3-6. 

Godin, Paul, Growth during School ,,ge . (Translation by 
Samuel L. Eby) Boston: Richard G. Badger, 1920. 
Prescott, Daniel Alfred, The Determination of Anatomical 
Age In School Children and Its Relation to Mental 

Development . Series 1, Mo. 5, Studies in educa¬ 
tional Psychology and Educational Measurement (July, 


































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*76* 


1923)* Published by The Oraduet© School of Educa¬ 
tion of Harvard University* 

Hot oh, T* M*, "Boantgen Hay Methods Applied to the Grading 
of Early Life*” ^tgorloan Educ* ti on Review , Vol* XV 
(1910)* 

' oodrow, Herbert, Brlnhtnaaa and Dullness in Children, 

Chapter VI (Anatomical Ago)* Chicago: Lipolncott 
Company, 1919. 

Woodrow, Herbert and Eo^eli, Francis, "Soma Bata on Anatomic 
Age and Its Halation to Intelligence/* Pedagogical 
Seminary , Vol* XXIX, Ho* 1, March, 1921* 







76 


X* APPENDIX 


Data for tho Study 




, 77 , 


Pupil 

Index 

number 

Cftrcno- 

logical 

Tail rfc 

cation 

ratio 

Haight 

in 

inches 

Wei gilt 

in 

pounds 

Ige at 
pubes¬ 
cence 

X.Q. 

1 

698 

13 

1*05 

62,9 

159,0 

11 

Ill 

2 

736 

13 

*95 

57,7 

74.0 


104 

3 

991 

13 

1.05 

63.0 

86,3 


109 

4 

876 

13 

.98 

61.2 

98.5 

15 

112 

5 

832 

13 

• 96 

57*7 

94, 

IS 

102 

6 

848 

13 

.95 

57.5 

82.3 

IS 

113 

7 

846 

13 

1.08 

60.1 

96.9 

12 

120 

8 

842 

13 

1.00 

6®.5 

92,5 


132 

9 

899 

13 

1.06 

61.3 

105.0 

13 

110 

10 

691 

13 

.96 

56.4 

85.5 


116 

11 

552 

13 

1*04 

59*8 

86.1 


132 

12 

748 

13 *"■ 

*99 

63,8 

107.5 

12 

121 

IS 

834 

is- 

1.02 

59.7 

90.6 

12 

126 

14 

589 

13 

.96 

57,2 

79.3 


112 

15 

764 

15 

1.09 

62.5 

145.5 

12 

104 

16 

776 

13- 

1.00 

82,6 ‘ 

107,0 

12 

108 

17 

634 

13 

.90 

59.0 

76, 


112 

18 

742 

* 3 " 

1*03 

63.2 

145.7 

12 

108 

19 

630 

13 

1*12 

61,7 

127,0 


114 

20 

826 

13" 

1.08 

63,0 

88,0 

13 

108 

21 

951 

13 ^ 

1.03 

69,4 

89.0 

13 

110 

22 

919 

13 

1.00 

60,1 

100.9 


119 

23 

955 

13 

1.09 

61.2 

106.0 


no 

24 

619 

'IS" 

1.11 

57,9 

88,4 

13 

116 

25 

892 

13 

1*08 

59,1 

90.4 


121 

26 

724 

13 

1*04 

58*4 

101.3 


120 

27 

985 

13 • 

1.00 

65.4 

100.6 


126 

28 

624 

13 

1*04 

5.9.6 

93.3 


113 

29 

665 

13 

• 94 

57. 

75. 


109 

30 

530 

13 

1.07 

58,8 

87.9 


97 

31 

778 

13 

1.07 

62. 

86 


111 

5-2 

875 

IS¬ 

1*08 

68.8 

98.5 

IS 

115 

33 

615 

IS" 

1.02 

59.0 

110.0 

IS 

114 

34 

740 

IS 

1*01 

58, 

92. 


124 

38 

626 

13 

.93 

62. 

114. 


122 

36 

713 

13 

.99 

64. 

104. 


119 

37 


13 

1.03 

61, 

100. 

13 

123 

38 

887 

13" 

1.04 

62.1 

109,9 

13 

119 

39 

970 

IS 

1*00 

67.9 

80.5 


123 

40 

656 

IS¬ 

1.10 

61.6 

125.5 

12 

113" 

41 

477 

IS 

1.00 

63. 

108. 


114 

42 

637 

IS - 

1.11 

63. 

121. 

12 

111 

43 

772 

IS¬ 

1.02 

62 - 

102. 

11 

118 

44 

813 

IS 

1.13 

58.8 

83.5 


108 












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-78- 


Pupil 

Index 

number 

fiferono* 

logical 

ag# 

option 

ratio 

In 

inches 

la 

pound# 

Iff# it 

.pubes¬ 

cence 

|.Q* 

1 

957 

14 

1.07 

60*8 

88.3 

13 

112 

2 

737 

14 

1.04 

64,4 

190.3 

13 

122 

3 

926 

14 

1.00 

61.0 

85,4 

18 

117 

4 

841 

14 

.95 

59*6 


120 

5 

687 

14 

1*10 

04.9 

106.0 

13 

HI 

6 

769 

14 

1.18 

64.6 

120 a 

13 

120 

7 

95 

14 

1*14 

61,0 

107,8 

12 

112 

8 

731 

14 

1*10 

83.8 

123.5 

ll 

134 

9 

361 

14 

1.04 

61*5 

122.8 

12 

114 

10 

644 

14 

1.09 

04*8 

120.5 

13 

132 

11 

519 

14 

1*03 

65*0 

99.6 

14 

110 

12 

717 

14 

1.00 

58.5 

110.0 

13 

113 

13 

195 

14 

1*15 

64, 

122, 

11 

117 

14 

665 

14 

1.12 

59,8 

85.2 

109 ^ 

15 

491 

14 

1.08 

64.4 

124.8 

13 

112 

16 

557 

14 

1.12 

64.2 

107.5 

18 

128 

17 

1195 

14 

.90 

83 ,2 

95.5 

94 

18 

899 

14 

1.02 

61*1 

1X2*1 

13 

114 

19 

532 

14 

.97 

60,1 

100*2 

13 

112 

20 

842 

14 

.94" 

80.0 

100.5 

126 

21 

3S2 

14 

.93 

02.0 

93.8 


133 

22 

691 

14 

*92 

59,4 

103*0 

14 

126 

23 

748 

14 

1.00 

84.6 

122,7 

12 

118 

24 

837 

14 

1.06 

81.0 

95.0 

18 

107 

25 

834 

14 

1.02 

59.7 

94.8 

12 

135 

26 

764 

14 

1.10 

§3,1 

157,5 

12 

110 

27 

593 

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692 

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109 

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999 

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114 

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580 

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1X6 

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82,7 

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32 

901 

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1.11 

64*9 

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102 

33 

695 

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1.10 

85,5 

178,0 

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111 

34 

970 

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.99 

80.1 

88,0 

127 

35 

540 

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1.05 

ai.o 

103.7 

13 

112 

36 

663 

14 

1.02 

58,5 

109,7 


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887 

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1.08 

63.2 

114.5 

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108 

38 

596 

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100.0 


117 

89 

530 

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1.05 

89.9 

102.9 


108 

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739 

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1.03" 

60,5 

86.3 


130 

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486 

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1.13 

68.0 

130, 

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112 

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833 

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1.04 

61.9 

94,9 

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114 

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602 

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1.14 

08,4 

104.8 

13 

123 

44 

713 

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1.03 

65.9 

112.0 

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122 

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972 

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Pupil 

Index 

number 

dhrono~~ 
log leal 
age 

’miwmz 

tlon 

ratio 

' TteigKT 

In 

inches 

1eight 
in 

pounds 

pubes¬ 

cence 

I.Q. 

48 

740 

14 

1*03 

68.8 

92.6 

14 

124 

47 

558 

14 

1.03 

66.0 

110.0 

14 

134 

48 

489 

14 

1.11 

86.6 

127.4 

12 

113 

49 

736 

14 

• 99 

59.6 

93.0 

14 

104 

$0 

846 

14 

1.12 

60.9 

109.2 

12 

120 

51 

618 

14 

1.09 

©1.3 

120.3 

13 

108 

52 

848 

14 

1.14 

59.0 

92.5 

13 

113 

83 

710 

14 

1.03 

80.2 

93.7 

14 

118 

84 

973 

14 

1.11 

58.6 

76.0 

92 

58 

729 

14 

1*07 

©0.5 

105.6 

13 

125 

5 © 

©26 

14 

1.02 

64.0 

119.5 

122 

57 

916 

14 

1.14 

©3.9 

110.6 

12 

113 

58 

249 

14 

1.13 

59 . 

107. 

12 

59 

©34 

14 

.98 

©1.5 

83.5 

112 

60 

522 

14 

1.07 

63.3 

106.5 

13 

108 

©1 

111 

14 

• 98 


13 

62 

657 

14 

1.11 

82.4 j 

147.8 

13 

120 

63 

58© 

14 

1.02 

©4.5 

102.0 

112 

64 

499 

14 

1.10 

© 3.6 

100.0 


112 
















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► 80 - 


Pupil 

lad ox 
number 

Chrono¬ 

logical 

ago 

TOsirr- 

Cation 

ratio 

Hfiijpr 

la 

inches 

in m . 

In 

pounds 

Ifi at 
pubes¬ 
cence 

X.Q. 

1 

574 

15 

1*15 

62.7 

110.3 

13 

110 

2 

536 

15 

1*19 

59.8 

93.8 

12 

111 

3 

528 

15 

1*11 

64.2 

131.0 

13 

103 

4 

847 

15 

1*07 

84.5 

145.0 

13 

119 

5* 

946 

15 

1*19 

62.5 

109.7 

13 

124 

6 

862 

15 

.96 

64.0 

131.4 

15 

118 

7 

918 

15 

1.08 

62.1 

109.9 

13 

101 

8 

938 

15 

.98 

61.2 

88*5 

14 

125 

9 

997 

15 

1.11 

61.0 

90.8 

15 

109 

10 

628 

15 

1.06 

58.7 

89.0 

14 

115 

11 

179 

15 

1.08 

64.3 

121.0 


113 

12 

703 

15 

1.09 

62.0 

115.0 

14 

124 

13 

650 

15 

1.14 

61.2 

111.1 

13 

132 

14 

665 

15 

1.07 

64.9 

130.3 

12 

120 

15 

835 

15 

1.05 

63.4 

101*0 

13 

114 

16 

649 

15 

1.00 

64.4 

130.6 

13 

118 

17 

541 

15 

1.15 

85.5 

111.4 

13 

108 

18 

25 

15 

1.02 

64.1 

182.0 


127 

19 

856 

15 

1.08 

61.8 

142.5 

12 

121 

20 

925 

15 

.91 

82.2 

94 * 0 

15 

112 

21 

759 

15 

1.10 

85.6 

120.7 

12 

116 

22 

735 

15 

1.07 

64.5 

165.9 

13 

115 

23 

920 

15 

1.09 

62.4 

103.5 

14 

127 

24 

875 

15 

1.12 

61.0 

130.7 

13 

111 

25 

937 

15 

1*07 

62.2 

100.4 

13 

108 

26 

544 

15 

1.03 

64.7 

127.6 

13 

136 

27 

491 

15 

1.07 

65.4 

125.6 

13 

119 

28 

808 

15 

1.14 

86.4 

129.9 

12 

115 

29 

825 

15 

1.16 

05*9 

116.8 

14 

117 

























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• 81 ' 


Pupil 

Index 

number 

Chrono¬ 

logical 

-Mi 

WalH-" 

cation 

ratio 

TfaipC 

in 

inches 

height 

In 

pound® 

Ago at 
pubes¬ 
cence 

1.0. 

1 

442 

16 

1.12 

65.a 

123.5 

11 

126 

2 

328 

16 

1.11 

68.4 

137.6 

14 

126 

3 

962 

16 

1.05 

50.3 

108.5 

11 

101 

4 

1000 

16 

1.08 

61.5 

111.0 

15 

107 

6 

454 

16 

1.05 

60.9 

114.3 

11 

114 

6 

752 

16 

1.00 

64.© 

135.4 

12 

109 

7 

496 

16 

1.02 

63.3 

117.0 

14 

125 

8 

345 

16 

1.03 

59.5 

92.0 

14 

115 

9 

896 

16 

1.10 

60.4 

115.3 

13 

116 

10 

716 

16 

1.08 

63.2 

103.5 

14 

125 

11 

134 

16 

1.12 

61.7 

98*1 

14 

126 

12 

905 

16 

1.07 

61*5 

115.0 

12 

119 

13 

866 

16 

1.11 

63.6 

97.0 

12 

10^ 

14 

371 

16 

1.05 

66.9 

150.3 


124 : ' " 

15 

878 

16 

1.15 

65.6 

140.3 

14 

129 

16 

899 

16 

1.12 

62.5 

116.6 

14 

121 

17 

751 

16 

1.13 

64.5 

111.0 

12 

116 

18 

aoo 

16 

1.12 

63.5 

115.0 

14 

118 

19 

967 

16 

1.12 

66.6 

137.0 

13 

122 

20 

862 

16 

.93 

64.8 

133.7 

15 

125 

21 

621 

16 

1.05 

66.6 

147.4 

12 

122 

22 

663 

16 

1.00 

65.2 

126.8 

12 

118 

23 

918 

16 

1.09 

62. 8 

117.0 

13 

98 

24 

997 

16 

1.22 

61.4 

102.5 

15 

104 

25 

836 

16 

1.11 

59.1 

110.0 

12 

129 

26 

555 

16 

1.10 

63.1 

m.e 

12 

108 

27 

938 

16 

1.10 

62.2 

88.7 

14 

116 

28 

628 

16 

1.12 

60.0 

95.2 

14 

118 

29 

984 

16 

1.06 

67.0 

137.5 

14 

121 

30 

1587 

16 

1.11 

63.2 

110.9 

14 

118 

31 

541 

16 

1.02 

64.0 

124.1 

13 

103 

32 

946 

16 

1.10 

62.3 

113.4 

13 

117 

33 

686 

16 

1.06 

61.7 

96.5 

14 

117 

34 

687 

16 

1.17 

67.4 

127.8 

13 

109 

35 

965 

16 

1.25 

58.9 

92.6 

11 

134 

36 

636 

16 

1.11 

64.0 

117.4 

15 

124 

37 

574 

16 

1.15 

63.5 

109.2 

13 

112 

38 

847 

16 

1.18 

64.7 

147.7 

13 

126 

39 

528 

16 

1.17 

64.2 

128.3 

14 

103 

40 

536 

16 

1.12 

60.8 

102.3 

12 

103 

41 

519 

16 

1.07 

66.0 

114.6 

14 

113 

42 

486 

16 

1.21 

69.0 

134.0 

13 

115 

43 

717 

16 

1.14 

61.0 

110.0 

15 

112 

44 

923 

16 

1.14 

61.5 

135.8 

12 

129 

45 

620 

16 

1.14 

67.5 

118.5 

13 

102 
















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Pupil 

Index 

number 

SEroho-' 

logical 

age 

feiOT*"' 

cation 

ratio 

Tsisar 

in 

inches 

TiTgiT 

in 

pounds 

Ige si 

pubes¬ 

cence 

I.Q* 

1 

906 

17 

1*06 

60.8 

110.9 

12 

105 

2 

896 

17 

1*11 

61.1 

120.0 

13 

109 

3 

714 

17 

1.08 

63.4 

112.6 

14 

122 

4 

614 

17 

1.18 

82.6 

105.5 


109 

5 

653 

17 

1.03 

62.5 

111.0 

12 

102 

6 

751 

17 

1.09 

@4.6 

114,3 

12 

103 

7 

800 

17 

1.17 

64*0 

114.4 

14 

114 

8 

1000 

17 

1.09 

61.8 

111.3 

16 

106 

9 

631 

17 

1.11 

63.6 

119.0 

12 

111 

10 

878 

17 

1.06 

65.5 

138.3 

14 

132 

11 

962 

17 

1.08 

59.6 

106.7 

11 

98 

12 

570 

17 

1.07 

63.1 

106.0 

16 

99 

13 

957 

17 

1.16 

62.9 

107.5 

13 

108 

14 

254 

17 

1.11 

64.2 

134.8 

13 

117 

15 

252 

17 

1.16 

64.3 

121.6 

11 

107 

16 

367 

17 

1.16 

65,1 

161.5 

14 

111 

17 

369 

17 

1*03- 

68.1 

131.0 


112 

18 

152 

17 

1.05 

63.2 

122 ,9 

14 

119 

19 

616 

17 

1,09 

62 .9 

107.0 

14 

120 

20 

407 

17 

1.09 

62.4 

135*1 

14 

111 

21 

46 

17 

1*11 

63.4 

108.0 

14 

127 

22 

654 

17 

1*09 

62.5 

108.5 

14 

114 

23 

233 

17 

1*05 

61.9 

125.0 


114 

24 

66 

17 

1*14 

59.4 

117.8 


122 ' 

25 

8 

17 

1.04 

61*1 

99.0 

15 

123 

26 

110 

17 

1*11 

62,7 

110.9 

12 

110 

27 

33 

17 

1.06 

64.4 

127*0 

14 

123 

28 

39 

17 

1*17 

63.1 

100,3 

12 

119 

29 

749 

17 

1,04 

80.8 

100*2 

14 

113 

30 

440 

17 

1.05 

64*4 

138,4 

IS 

120 

31 

240 

17 

1*08 

65.5 

130.1 

15 

118 

32 

711 

17 

1*04 

61.9 

102,2 

12 

101 

33 

745 

17 

1.03 

62.1 

100.7 

13 

121 

34 

752 

17 

1.05 

65.4 

134.1 

12 

101 

35 

496 

17 

% 1.05 

63,4 

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